Which of the following are examples of de facto institutional discrimination?
Option A
A city ordinance that legally requires residents of different racial groups to live in separate designated districts, with fines for violations.
Option B
A state statute that explicitly restricts access to certain public services to individuals of a particular racial category, with penalties for agencies that fail to enforce the restriction.
Option C
A university uses a “participation score” based on how often students speak in class. Because some students feel less comfortable speaking up due to past experiences (perhaps based on race or ethnicity) or classroom climate, they consistently receive lower scores, even though no rule says they should be graded differently.
Option D
A corporation whose promotion decisions rely heavily on informal recommendations from senior managers, who tend to mentor employees who share similar backgrounds, leading to persistent disparities in advancement despite no written rule favoring any group. Primeira vez fodendo na buceta peluda
